Nutritional Diseases essays

Nutritional Diseases essays Relatively rare in the United States, Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 , also known as thiamine, in the diet. The disease involves peripheral neuritis nerve degeneration and myopathy muscle disease, particularly affecting heart muscles. Symptoms include diarrhea, loss of weight, fatigue, and heart failure. Beriberi is prevalent in eastern and southern Asia. Because many alcoholics fail to eat a balanced diet, it is sometimes associated with chronic alcoholism. There is dry Beriberi and wet Beriberi. Dry beriberi results in the loss of strength and of some feeling in the limbs due to nerve degeneration. Wet beriberi is caused by accumulated fluid in the limbs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites) because of a heart malfunction; nerve degeneration is commonly present as well. Beriberi is treated with vitamin B1, and this cures most cases of the disease. Care should be taken to provide the patient with a balanced diet. Malnutrition is a condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or similar problems. Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This can occur because of deficiencies in the diet. Single vitamin deficiencies are a form of malnutrition just as starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when nutrients are adequately consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly. Eating a good, well-balanced diet helps to prevent most forms of malnutrition. Also, you must eat an appropriate diet for your age. The nutritional disease Pellagra is caused by a lack of niacin. Niacin is an element found in the B-complex vitamins. Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency most commonly found in people whose staple die ...

Australian Oligopolistic petition-Free-Samples for Students

On 30 th May 2017, the Financial Review published an article by James Frost titled; â€Å"Treasurer attacks banks, pushes out levy due date.† This article is centered on Treasurer Scott Morrison’s speech wherein he criticized the Australian banking sector as an oligopoly whose continued operation has had detrimental financial disadvantages to all Australians. The Treasurer argued that the cheap funding costs, internal modelling benefits and dominant market share have placed the big four banks at an advantageous position thus enabling them squeeze petitors to the wall. The treasurer referred to the House of Representatives Economic mittee whose review of the big four banks concluded that the banking sector is an oligopoly with the major banks having significant pricing power. This concentration of market power in the sector is a systemic risk that continues to hurt the economic interests of the population at large. Mr. Morrison stated that the government was keen on altering the state of affairs and the planned introduction of the bank levy was a move towards improving petition in the banking sector, although concerns remain whether the levy costs will be passed on to customers. However, there were mixed reactions when it came to light that as per the draft legislation, the first payment had been pushed back to March 21 st .   While this push had been said to affect revenue collections, the Bankers Association Chief Executive Anna Bligh we ed the move to avoid â€Å"rushing a hastily designed policy.† Further concerns have been raised with respect to the draft legislation such as the likely tax grab effect on all accounts and the fact that the policy is not intended to apply to foreigners. Whereas neoclassical economists have elaborated what a petitive market entails, politics and business lobbying have made meaningless the idea of petition in Australia’s banking sector. Though the Australia Bankers Association argues that the banking market is petitive, of all the over 100 banks, societies and credit union operating in Australia, it is only four banks that control over 84 per cent of the mortgage market in Australia (The Australia Institute, 2017). The four banks have drawn benefit from the banking oligopoly that focuses on safe and high-margin mortgages (Janda, 2016). The banks managed to convince the regulatory body to allow them set aside lower sums of money to cover potential losses. This move allowed the banks to provide more mortgages without necessarily having to raise more capital from shareholders. As a result of this immense market dominance, it is argued that the big banks were abusing their market power. This dominance enabled them to enjoy record h igh profit margins for many financial years but scandals involving rigging of interest rates, poor financial advice and insurance frauds brought into question the exploitation and unaccountability that these banks have enjoyed for so long (Kaye and Westbrook, 2016). As of late 2016, there was a public outcry to alter the status quo to correct the financial systemic errors and it was agreed that reform had to be undertaken to cure the situation. Consequently, a parliamentary inquiry into the major banks was missioned with the objective of encouraging petition and monitoring the sector closely. The House Economics mittee made proposals thereafter to have reports filed to the government twice yearly and r mended the doing away with constraints in obtaining licenses. To ensure transparency in loan pricing, it was proposed that banks should be required to share with each other customer data. Further r mendations included the setting up of a Banking and Financial Sector Tribunal at the cost of the banks and that banks had to name executives responsible for major breaches a panied with a detailed explanation of the specifics of the breaches (Shapiro, 2016). In the 2017 budget, the Treasurer seems to have taken huge consideration of the need to introduce reforms to the banking sector. These reforms entail a bank levy in the form of tax targeting the major banks and the introduction of further measures that will promote petition and accountability in the banking system (Hawkins and Sanyal, 2017). From the foregoing discussion, it emerges that the major causes of the so-called systemic errors in the banking sector are as a result of lack of petition and transparency in the sector. The 2017 budget reforms are therefore a we ed move that should be zealously implemented to cure the defects in the banking sector. One r mendation to achieve this ou e is to address the concern that the banks may pass the tax costs to the customers. Although it has been assured that the tax does not apply to bank deposits or mortgages, it is r mendable that the Australian petition and Consumer mission should monitor closely to ensure the banks do not mislead customers in a bid to defeat the objectives of the reforms. Further, there is also need to address the unfair advantage that is enjoyed by the major banks due to the generally accepted assumption that in the event of a crisis, these big banks will most certainly receive government support. This perception endears these banks to financiers as opposed to their petitors. To ensure this inequity is removed from the picture, reforms should be adopted to provide for a criteria of ensuring that the small banks also receive monetary support from the government in the event of a crisis. This measure will lead to the realization of a fairly petitive market in terms of the neoclassical economic standards. The fact that Australia’s banking sector is an oligopoly is undisputed. It is mendable that the government is taking measures to address the disquiet that has been evoked by the unpleasant state of the sector. Politics aside, all stakeholders need to work together to ensure the proposed reforms are fully effected and that further measures as r mended above are taken to ensure   fair petition and transparency are upheld. This way, confidence and trust will be restored in the financial sector of the economy. The government should also focus on other sectors of the economy that are not petitive enough such as the energy sector Degotardi, M. (2012). petition in Banking. [Pdf] Available at: https://www2.deloitte /au/en/pages/ economics /articles petition-in-banking.html [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Frost, J. (2017). Treasurer delays bank levy, pushes petition argument. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr /business/banking-and-finance/financial-services/bank-levy-bill-introduced-aims-to-aid petition-in-oligopoly-market-20170530-gwg7pv [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Hawkins, P. and Sanyal, K. (2017). A levy on major banks and improving accountability for bank executives – Parliament of Australia. [Online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201718/Banks [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Janda, M. (2016). The banks are too big for the nation's good — here's why. [Online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-31/janda-aus-banks-are-too-big/7789830 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Kaye, B. and Westbrook, T. (2016). Australian watchdog says bank 'oligopoly' needs more reform. [Online] U.S. Available at: https://www.reuters /article/us-australia-banks-idUSKCN12E0F3 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Morrison, S. (2017). Building an accountable and petitive banking system | The Hon Scott Morrison MP. [Online] Sjm.ministers.treasury.gov.au. Available at: https://sjm.ministers.treasury.gov.au/media-release/044-2017/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Shapiro, J. (2016). Bank oligopoly 'adverse' for consumers. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr /business/banking-and-finance/financial-services/bank-inquiry-report-targets-big-four-oligopoly-20161124-gswfb5 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. The Australia Institute. (2017). Bank customers pay for oligopoly. [Online] Available at: https://www.tai.org.au/node/614 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017] With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Health and Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety - Assignment Example Management is an authoritative field that is meant to cater for the needs of the workers in an organization. Health and safety policy Health and safety management system is made of several elements. Among them are the health and safety policies. Health and safety policies are structured to monitor the operations of the organization regarding the welfare of workers. Some of the major specifications of the health policy specify the role of individuals while others outline the roles of an organization. Health policy gives specific individuals the mandate to assign responsibility for the identification of applicable regulations and acts. The document elaborates on the use of health procedures. Under this section, the organization is subjected to monitor health and safety legislations, building codes as well as health and safety legislations. The document also deals with the recording of data and keeping of health and safety information. It provides the employee with the rights to view he alth document as it gives employees the accessibility to legal health documents. Health policies specify on the updating of legal health records. The document outlines the procedures that have been put in place to track legislation as well as other health and safety requirements. It provides a clause that employees have a right to training after a legal procedure of recruitment in their area of specialization. Legislation Health and safety management system standard program has a legislative system whose function is to access and identify new proposed as well as existing health and safety legislations. Management responsibilities are outlined and allocated responsibilities are outlined and allocated. The applicable legal acts include: health and safety legislations, environmental legislation and building codes. A procedure shall also be put in place to track developments and key alterations to the health and safety requirements. The system implies that employees affected by the heal th and safety management alterations shall receive training concerning the legislations which are applicable to their jobs. Internal responsibility system The program advocates for an establishment of an internal responsibility system which will monitor the health and safety policies and enforce their implementations. Responsibilities of all levels of management are specified to ensure systematic performance and efficiency of the system. All responsibilities in the program are designed to make room for the institution of a Joint Health and safety committee. The system also provides a format for the selection of the Joint Health and Safety committee. Worker rights Another element is the worker’s rights. The health and safety act states that procedure for ensuring that workers rights are guaranteed by the occupational health and safety act. The occupation health and safety act provides the employees with the right to information and awareness. The main objective of the occupati onal health and safety act is to ensure that the working environment is suitable for the performance of work. This includes the elimination of all form of risks around the working environment. The right to information at work is the basic human right according to the occupational

Types of Matrimonial Regimes in Quebec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Types of Matrimonial Regimes in Quebec - Essay Example Community Property, which is administered by the husband, Private Property, that is, the property bought under an individual's name, is administered by the spouses individually, during and after the marriage and, Wife's Reserved Property which is administered by the wife. Since 1st July 1970, couples who married without a marriage contract fell under the matrimonial regime of Partnership of Acquests. The rules under this regime classify the properties as acquests and private property. An acquest is something which is obtained during the marriage. It includes the property not declared as private property by law. The most commonly chosen matrimonial regime is the Separation as to Property. The properties of the spouses are categorized as private property and joint property. Property bought under the name of both the spouses is termed as joint property and is divided equally at the time of dissolution. The private property, like in every other regime, is retained by the individuals. Marriage is the formal union of a man and a woman, by which they become husband and wife. It can't get any simpler.

australias wage determination system Essay -- essays research papers

Australia has gone from a highly centralized wage determination system to a mainly decentralized one. There has been a move away from accords and awards to enterprise bargaining, through the 96 Workplace Relations Act. Recent policies include changes to unfair dismissal claims and the 2005 workplace reforms package. Throughout the 20th century, Australia has maintained a system of tribunals to make decisions about wage and non wage outcomes and to help resolve industrial disputes. Institutional forces affect the operation of the free market in order to improve labour market outcomes, such as guaranteeing minimum wages and conditions. The four institutional forces that affect labour markets are Governments, Trade Unions, Employer associations and Industrial Relations tribunal. Trade unions represent groups of workers on a collective basis. The most important trade union is the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), which is the peak union body to which most unions are affiliated. Trade unions membership has declined substantially from the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with an average membership of 55% to just 23% in 2003. This is caused by the increase in casual and part time employment, growth in industries with low union membership such as retail and the decentralization of wage determination. Employer associations represent business groups in similar industries in industrial relations matters. They seek wage moderation to maintain profitability. The head employer association is the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. At the federal level is the independently run Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). They establish and maintain the fair minimum rates of pay and conditions (award safety net system) for all workers. Award wage increases are determined by the AIRC annually after hearing submissions from the government, ACTU and unions. They apply the no disadvantage test to CAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and AWAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to make sure workers are better off than the underpinning award. They also help settle industrial disputes through conciliation and arbitration. Move Away from centralized The Accords (1983-1995), were a social contract negotiated between the Federal Government and ACTU on minimum wages and specified working conditions for a number of occupations under Federal awards. This centralised wage system reduced the levels of inflation, industrial disputation and un... ...ver the wage determination role of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). It is meant to boost productivity by increasing workplace flexibility and placing new constraints on unions. The change is aimed at having workers covered by individual employment agreements rather than collective awards. Its creation is a big win for employer groups, who have campaigned for decades to strip back the powers of the industrial relations umpire to determine workplace arrangements. However, many believe it will lead to a reduction in pay and conditions. New legislation will also strip back minimum employment conditions. The current 20 "allowable matters" will be cut to about 16. The wage determination system has moved from centralised determination through National Wage Cases towardst an enterprise bargaining framework. Safety nets are there mainly for low paid workers who are unable to secure wage increases under enterprise bargaining. There has been sustained moderate wage increases, low inflation, strong productivity growth and employment growth. This system appears to generate the best of both enterprise agreements and centralised wage determination.

The Impact of Wach Tv Children

Title: -The Impact of watchingTelevision for Children The Case of Children watching Television in Ethiopia Chapter One 1. Introduction 1. 1 Back Ground Television (TV) has its good side. It can be entertaining and educational, and can open up new worlds for kids, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn about different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community. Shows with a prosaically message can have a positive effect on kids' behavior; programs with positive role models can influence viewers to make positive lifestyle changes.However, the reverse can also be true:   Kids are likely to learn things from TV that parents don't want them to learn. TV can affect kids' health, behavior and family life in negative ways. Whether good or bad, television has found its way into the lives of people all over the world and it an important part of life for many. Some consider it to be a great invention while others say that it harms people and society. Here is a summary of those thoughts. Television is often the main or only source of information about current events and biased or inadequate reporting can deliver inaccurate or misleading information and opinion.Ethiopian Television was established in 1964 with assistance from the British firm, Thomson. It was created to highlight the Organization of African Unity (OAU) meeting that took place in Addis Ababa that same year. Color television broadcast began in 1982 in commemoration of the founding of Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE). The current structure and goals of ETV were established 1987 with Proclamation This research may see general and specific area of in Addis Ababa, children see television that its impact.The television and channel clients are increasing every day around the city so, we need to the advantage and disadvantages in the children see tv. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem In recent years, TV, video and DVD programs have come on the market—and now ev en a cable channel for children. We don't know yet what effect TV-viewing by children may have on their development. We do know that time spent watching TV replaces time spent interacting with caregivers and other children. Social interaction is critical to a child's healthy affected.A great deal is known about children and television, because there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Research has studied how TV affects kids' sleep, weight, grades, behavior, and more. Spending time watching TV can take time away from healthy activities like active play outside with friends, eating dinner together as a family, or reading. TV time also takes away from participating in sports, music, art or other activities that require practice to become skillful. Children can be exposed to programming that is not appropriate for their age.Adult themes of sex and violence are far too easily accessed and they destroy the innocence of children. Adults frequently spend many hours each day watc hing television to the detriment of work or family life. 1. 3 Objectives This research goal to show the impact of watching TV children among the cultural, society and school life in Addis Ababa. To show the problem and recommend the way of protecting and minimizing the problem through awareness of the research. How big a presence is TV in kids' lives? * TV viewing among kids is at an eight-year high.On average, children ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a TV—watching television, DVDs, DVR and videos, and using a game console. Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV. The vast majority of this viewing (97%) is of live TV [1]. * 71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroom [1a]; 54% have a DVD/VCR player, 37% have cable/satellite TV, and 20% have premium channels [2]. * Media technology now offers more ways to access TV content, such as on the Internet, cell phones and iPods.This has led to an increase in time spent viewing TV, even as TV-s et viewing has declined. 41% of TV-viewing is now online, time-shifted, DVD or mobile [2a]. * In about two-thirds of households, the TV is â€Å"usually† on during meals [3]. * In 53% of households of 7th- to 12th-graders, there are no rules about TV watching [4]. * In 51% of households, the TV is on â€Å"most† of the time [5]. * Kids with a TV in their bedroom spend an average of almost 1. 5 hours more per day watching TV than kids without a TV in the bedroom. * Many parents encourage their toddlers to watch television. Find out more about TV in the lives of children ages zero to six. * Find out more about media in the lives of 8- to 18-year olds. As you can see, if your child is typical, TV is playing a very big role in their life. Here are some key research findings to keep in mind as you decide what kind of role you want TV to play in your family: * TV viewing is probably replacing activities in your child' s life that you would rather have them do (things like pl aying with friends [6] , being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework [7], doing chores). Kids who spend more time watching TV (both with and without parents and siblings present) spend less time interacting with family members. [8] * Excessive TV viewing can contribute to poor grades [8a], sleep problems, behavior problems, obesity, and risky behavior. * Most children’s programming does not teach what parents say they want their children to learn; many shows are filled with stereotypes, violent solutions to problems, and mean behavior. * Advertisers target kids, and on average, children see tens of thousands of TV commercials each year [9]. This includes many ads for unhealthy snack foods and drinks.Children and youth see, on average, about 2,000 beer and wine ads on TV each year [10]. * Kids see favorite characters smoking, drinking, and involved in sexual situations and other risky behaviors in the shows and movies they watch o n TV. * More on how television viewing affects children. * For more detailed information on these and other issues, read on. Does TV affect children's brain development? With television programs—and even a cable channel—designed and marketed specifically for babies, whether kids under two years of age should be watching becomes an important question.While we are learning more all the time about early brain development, we do not yet have a clear idea how television may affect it. Some studies link early TV viewing with later attention problems, such as ADHD. However, other experts disagree with these results. One study found that TV viewing before age three slightly hurt several measures of later cognitive development, but that between ages three and five it slightly helped reading scores [11]. The American Academy of Pediatrics takes a â€Å"better-safe-than-sorry† stance on TV for young children [12]. It may be tempting to put your infant or toddler in front o f the television, especially to watch shows created just for children under age two. But the American Academy of Pediatrics says: Don't do it! These early years are crucial in a child's development. The Academy is concerned about the impact of television programming intended for children younger than age two and how it could affect your child's development. Pediatricians strongly oppose targeted programming, especially when it's used to market toys, games, dolls, unhealthy food and other products to toddlers.Any positive effect of television on infants and toddlers is still open to question, but the benefits of parent-child interactions are proven. Under age two, talking, singing, reading, listening to music or playing are far more important to a child's development than any TV show. † In addition, TV can discourage and replace reading. Reading requires much more thinking than television, and we know that reading fosters young people's healthy brain development. Kids from fami lies that have the TV on a lot spend less time reading and being read to, and are less likely to be able to read [13].What about TV and aggressive or violent behavior? Literally thousands of studies since the 1950s have asked whether there is a link between exposure to media violence and violent behavior. All but 18 have answered, â€Å"Yes. †Ã‚  Ã‚   The evidence from the research is overwhelming. According to the AAP, â€Å"Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. † [14]   Watching violent shows is also linked with having less empathy toward others [14a]. An average American child will see 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV by age 18 [15]. * Two-thirds of all programming contains violence [16]. * Programs designed for children more often contain violence than adult TV [17]. * Most violent acts go unpunished on TV and are often accomp anied by humor. The consequences of human suffering and loss are rarely depicted. * Many shows glamorize violence. TV often promotes violent acts as a fun and effective way to get what you want, without consequences [18]. Even in G-rated, animated movies and DVDs, violence is common—often as a way for the good characters to solve their problems. Every single U. S. animated feature film produced between 1937  and 1999 contained violence, and the amount of violence with intent to injure has increased over the years [19]. * Even â€Å"good guys† beating up â€Å"bad guys† gives a message that violence is normal and okay. Many children will try to be like their â€Å"good guy† heroes in their play. * Children imitate the violence they see on TV.Children under age eight cannot tell the difference between reality and fantasy, making them more vulnerable to learning from and adopting as reality the violence they see on TV [20]. * Repeated exposure to TV violen ce makes children less sensitive toward its effects on victims and the human suffering it causes. * A University of Michigan researcher demonstrated that watching violent media can affect willingness to help others in need [20a]. Read about the study here: Comfortably Numb: Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping Others. Viewing TV violence reduces inhibitions and leads to more aggressive behavior. * Watching television violence can have long-term effects:   * A 15-year-long study by University of Michigan researchers found that the link between childhood TV-violence viewing and aggressive and violent behavior persists into adulthood [21]. * A 17-year-long study found that teenaged boys who grew up watching more TV each day are more likely to commit acts of violence than those who watched less [22]. * Even having the TV on in the home is linked to more aggressive behavior in 3-year-olds.This was regardless of the type of programming and regardless of whether the child wa s actually watching the TV [23]. What parents can do: * According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, media education can help kids become less susceptible to the bad effects of watching violent TV. Some studies have shown that kids who received media education had less violent behavior after watching violent programs. Teach your kids to be media savvy. Find out more about media literacy. * Watch with your kids, so if the programming turns violent, you can discuss what happened to put it in a context you want your kids to learn. Know what your kids are watching. Decide what programs are appropriate for their age and personality, and stick to your rules. * To minimize peer pressure to watch violent shows, you may want to talk to the parents of your child's friends and agree to similar rules. * Visit YourChild:   Managing Television:   Tips for Your Family for more ideas. For more on TV violence and kids: * Key Facts: TV Violence—a report from the Kaiser Family Foundatio n. * A 1993 summary of some of the research on TV violence and behavior. * Television Violence:   Content, Context, and Consequences. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS). * Television Violence:   A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages—a 1995 70-page report and review of the literature. * Violence in the Media–Psychologists Help Protect Children from Harmful Effects: Decades of psychological research confirms that media violence can increase aggression. * Comfortably Numb: Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping Others—This study by a University of Michigan researcher demonstrates that watching violent media can affect willingness to help others in need. Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children:   Congressional Public Health Summit—a statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics, American. Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychological Association, American Medical Asso ciation, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Psychiatric Association. Can TV scare or traumatize kids? Children can come to view the world as a mean and scary place when they take violence and other disturbing themes on TV to be accurate in real life. Symptoms of being frightened or upset by TV stories can include bad dreams, anxious feelings, being afraid of being alone, withdrawing from friends, and missing school. * Fears caused by TV can cause sleep problems in children [24]. * Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images aren't real does not help because kids under age eight can't always tell the difference between fantasy and reality. * Many children exposed to scary movies regret that they watched because of the intensity of their fright reactions. Children ages 8-12 years who view violence are often frightened that they may be a victim of violence or a natural disaster. * Violent threats shown on TV can cause school-aged kids (8-12) to feel fright and worry. When the threat is shown as news it creates stronger fears than when it is shown as fictional [25]. How does watching television affect performance in school? * TV viewing may replace activities that we know help with school performance, such as reading, doing homework, pursuing hobbies, and getting enough sleep. * One research study found that TV's effects on education were long term.The study found that watching TV as a child affected educational achievement at age 26. Watching more TV in childhood increased chances of dropping out of school and decreased chances of getting a college degree, even after controlling for confounding factors [26]. * Watching TV at age four was one factor found to be associated with bullying in grade school [27]. Can TV influence children's attitudes toward themselves and others? Let's take a look at what kids see on TV, and how it can affect their beliefs about race and gender: * Children learn to accept the stereotypes represented on television.After all, they see them over and over. * When non-whites are shown on TV, they tend to be stereotyped. * A review of the research on gender bias shows that the gender-biased and gender-stereotyped behaviors and attitudes that kids see on television do affect how they see male and female roles in our society. * Television and movies do not often show Asians or Asian Americans, and when they do, they fail to show the diversity in Asian American culture [28]. * Thin women are disproportionately represented on TV.The heavier a female character, the more negative comments were made about her [29]. * In 1990's commercials, white men more often were depicted as strong, while white women were shown as sex objects. African American men more often were portrayed as aggressive and African American women, as inconsequential [30]. * Ads for household items, like cleaning products, usually feature women [31]. * G-rated movies ar e commonly viewed by younger children—often over and over on DVD, and perceived by parents as safe for little kids.However, in these movies, whether live action or animated, males are shown more than females, by three to one, they are not often shown in relationships, and do not solve problems peacefully [32]. * In G-movies, characters of color are under-represented, and are usually shown as sidekicks, comic relief, or bad guys. Male characters of color are more aggressive and isolated [33]. * Music videos over-represent black males as aggressors, and white females as victims, compared to actual demographic data [34]. To learn more, visit the Center for Media Literacy's page on Stereotyping and Representation How are children portrayed on TV? A study by a group called Children NOW of how children are shown on local TV news, found that [35]: * Almost half of all stories about children focus on crime (45%). * Children account for over a quarter of the U. S. population but only 10% of all local news stories. * African American children account for more than half of all stories (61%) involving children of color, followed by Latino children (32%).Asian Pacific American and Native American children are virtually invisible on local news. * African American boys are more likely than any other group to be portrayed as perpetrators of crime and violence whereas Caucasian girls are most likely to be shown as victims. Can TV affect my child's health? Yes, TV is a public health issue in several different ways. First of all, kids get lots of information about health from TV, much of it from ads. Ads do not generally give true or balanced information about healthy lifestyles and food choices.The majority of children who watch health-related commercials believe what the ads say. Second, watching lots of television can lead to childhood obesity and overweight. Finally, TV can promote risky behavior, such as trying dangerous stunts, substance use and abuse, and irrespons ible sexual behavior. Children who watch more TV are more likely to be overweight * University of Michigan researchers found that just being awake and in the room with the TV on more than two hours a day was a risk factor for being overweight at ages three and four-and-a-half. [34]   * The effects can carry on into adult weight problems.Weekend TV viewing in early childhood affects body mass index (BMI), or overweight in adulthood. [35] * University of Michigan researchers and their colleagues who investigated whether diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior or television viewing predicted body mass index (BMI) among 3- to 7-year-old children, found that physical activity and TV viewing are most associated with overweight risk. TV was a bigger factor than diet. Inactivity and TV became stronger predictors as the children aged [36]. * Children who watch TV are more likely to be inactive and tend to snack while watching TV. Many TV ads encourage unhealthy eating habits. Two-third s of the 20,000 TV ads an average child sees each year are for food and most are for high-sugar foods. After-school TV ads target children with ads for unhealthy foods and beverages, like fast food and sugary drinks [37, 38]. * All television shows, even educational non-commercial shows, replace physical activity in your child's life. * While watching TV, the metabolic rate seems to go even lower than during rest [39]. This means that a person would burn fewer calories while watching TV than when just sitting quietly, doing nothing. The food and beverage industry targets children with their television marketing, which may include commercials, product placement, and character licensing. Most of the products pushed on kids are high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients [40]. * Children watching Spanish-language TV after school and in the evening see lots of ads for food and drink. Much of it targets kids and most of the ads are for unhealthy foods like sugared drinks and fast food. This advertising may play a role in the high risk of overweight in Latino kids [40a]. Results from recent studies have reported success in reducing excess weight gain in preadolescents by restricting TV viewing [41]. Childhood TV habits are a risk factor for many adult health problems * One study looked at adults at age 26, and how much TV they had watched as children. Researchers found that â€Å"17% of overweight, 15% of raised serum cholesterol, 17% of smoking, and 15% of poor fitness can be attributed to watching television for more than 2 hours a day during childhood and adolescence. †Ã‚   This was after controlling for confounding variables [42]. Children may attempt to mimic stunts seen on TV Injuries are the leading cause of death in children, and watching unsafe behavior on TV may increase children's risk-taking behavior. * Kids have been injured trying to repeat dangerous stunts they have seen on television shows. * Many kids watch TV sporting events. Researchers surveyed TV sports event ads to assess what kids might be seeing. Almost half of all commercial breaks during sporting events contained at least one ad that showed unsafe behavior or violence [43]. Watching TV can cause sleep problems * Television viewing is associated with altered sleep patterns and sleep disorders among children and adolescents. Regular sleep schedules are an important part of healthy sleep. A recent study found that infants and toddlers who watch TV have more irregular sleep schedules. More research is needed to find out whether the TV viewing is the cause [44]. * Those sleep disturbances may persist. Teens who watched three or more hours of TV per day had higher risk of sleep problems by early adulthood [45]. * Find out more in this research brief from the Kaiser Family Foundation: Children’s Media Use and Sleep Problems: Issues and Unanswered Questions. TV viewing may promote alcohol use The presence of alcohol on TV runs the gamut f rom drinking or talking about drinking on prime-time shows, to beer ads, to logos displayed at sporting events. * Many studies have shown that alcoholic drinks are the most common beverage portrayed on TV, and that they are almost never shown in a negative light. * Recent studies have shown that exposure to drinking in movies increases the likelihood that viewers themselves will have positive thoughts about drinking [45a]. * Alcohol has damaging effects on young people’s developing brains—and the damage can be permanent.TV ads are a major factor in normalizing alcohol use in the minds of children, adolescents and college students [46]. * Ads for alcohol portray people as being happier, sexier, and more successful when they drink. Alcohol advertising, including TV ads, contributes to an increase in drinking among youth [47]. * Television ads for alcohol, such as â€Å"alcopop,† which combine the sweet taste of soda pop in a liquor-branded malt beverage, may targe t youth, especially girls and Hispanic and African American kids [47a]. The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) at Georgetown University found that in 2003, the top 15 prime time programs most popular with teens all had alcohol ads [48]. * Alcohol is increasingly advertised during programs that young people are more likely to watch than people of legal drinking age [49]. Kids who watch TV are more likely to smoke * Even though tobacco ads are banned on TV, young people still see people smoking on programs and movies shown on television. The tobacco industry uses product placement in films.Smoking in movies increased throughout the 1990s [50] . * Internal tobacco industry documents show that the tobacco industry purposefully markets their product to youth. The industry uses subtle strategies like logos at sporting events, product placement, and celebrities smoking to get around the ban on TV advertising for their products [51] . * Kids who watch more TV start smoking at an e arlier age. The relationship between television viewing and age of starting smoking was stronger than that of peer smoking, parental smoking, and gender [52]. Recent research has shown that exposure to smoking in movie characters increases the likelihood that viewers will associate themselves with smoking [52a]. * Find out more about kids and tobacco. Kids get lots of information about sexuality from television * Most parents don't talk to their kids about sex and relationships, birth control and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Most schools do not offer complete sex education programs. So kids get much of their information about sex from TV. * Kids are probably not learning what their parents would like them to learn about sex from TV. * Sexual content is a real presence on TV.Soap operas, music videos, prime time shows and advertisements all contain lots of sexual content, but usually nothing about contraception or safer sex. * The number of sex scenes on TV has nearly double d since 1998, with 70% of the top 20 most-watched shows by teens including sexual content [53]. Fifteen percent of scenes with sexual intercourse depict characters that have just met having sex. Of the shows with sexual content, an average of five scenes per hour involves sex. * Watching sex on TV increases the chances a teen will have sex, and may cause teens to start having sex at younger ages.Even viewing shows with characters talking about sex increases the likelihood of sexual initiation [54]. (Read more about this study. ) * Watching sexual content on TV is linked to becoming pregnant or being responsible for a pregnancy. Researchers found that even after controlling for other risk factors, the chance of teen pregnancy went up with more exposure to sex on television [55]. * On the flip side, TV has the potential to both educate teens, and foster discussion with parents. Watch with your kids, and use the sexual content on TV as a jumping-off point to talk with your teen about s ex, responsible behavior and safety. To find out more, read: * The American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) Parent Page on Sex, the Media and Your Child * The AAP' s policy statement on Sexuality, Contraception and the Media How can I find out more about kids and TV? Here are some websites with helpful information: * The Smart Parent's Guide to Kid's TV—from the AAP. * Guia para Ver la Television en Familia, a Spanish publication from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). * Guidelines for Rating Children’s Television, a guideline from PBS Ready To Learn. * Pautas para la evaluacion de los programas de television para ninos, the above guideline, in Spanish. Special issues for young children (2-11 years) and Special issues for teens address some developmental issues. * Talking with kids about the news—10 tips for parents. * The Federal Communication Commission's (FCC) page on children's educational TV. Visit these related topics on YourChild: * Managin g Television: Tips for Your Family * Media and Media Literacy * Video Games * The Internet * Obesity * Sleep Problems * Reading What are some organizations that work on issues around kids and TV? * The Center for Media Literacy believes in empowerment through education—that kids need to learn how to think critically about TV and other media. Media Awareness Network is a Canadian group with a wealth of information for parents. * The Center for Screentime Awareness sponsors National TV Turn-Off Week each year. Future TV Turn-Off Weeks are in Spring and Fall: April 19-25, 2010 & September 19-25, 2010. TV-Turnoff Week is supported by over 70 national organizations including the American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, National Education Association, and President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. References Written and compiled by Kyla Boyse, RN. Reviewed by Brad Bushman, PhD

Employee Conflict Of Tamarack Industries - 1431 Words

Employee Conflict in Tamarack Industries Name: Ahmed Samman Professor: Caterina Valentino Case Study Employee Conflict in Tamarack Industries Abstract Conflict is the process by which one party claims that his or her welfares are being opposed or negatively affected by the other party (Ibrahim, 2013). Similarly, conflict can ultimately be based on perception that occurs when an individual claims that another person is obstructing his/her effort to perform a task. Conflicts can either be constructive or relationship. Constructive conflict is where people focus their discussion on the issues while maintaining respect for others. For instance, in the Tamarack industry employee conflict case, the older workers and the Greek team workers had different perceptive on how things should be done, is an example of a constructive conflict. Relationship conflict is where people focus on the characteristics of other individuals. For example in the Tamarack employees’ conflict case, the older workers despise the college team employees because they were slow and arrogant. However, conflict can be solved well in any organization by use of model of conflict process. This model contains different alternatives that can best tackle the Tamarack employee’s conflict issues. Key words: conflict, Tamarack employees, old workers team, and Greek team Introduction Tamarack industries are industries that deals with the manufacturing of motorboats that are primary used for water skiing. During summer